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Demonstrators raise signs during a rally outside the National Institutes of Health on May 10, 2025 in Bethesda, Maryland. Kayla Bartkowski/Getty Images North America hide caption
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Kayla Bartkowski/Getty Images North America
A federal judge in San Francisco has indefinitely paused President Trump's sweeping overhaul of the federal government.
U.S. District Judge Susan Illston issued the preliminary injunction late Thursday, nearly two weeks after temporarily halting Trump's Feb. 11 executive order directing agencies to shut down offices and lay off thousands of people.
A coalition of labor unions, nonprofits and local governments had sued to block that executive order and the subsequent memo issued by the Office of Management and Budget and the Office of Personnel Management instructing agencies on how to carry out Trump's order. The plaintiffs argued that Trump lacks the authority to carry out such a radical transformation of government without approval from Congress.
Illston agreed, writing that "agencies may not conduct large-scale reorganizations and reductions in force in blatant disregard of Congress's mandates, and a President may not initiate large-scale executive branch reorganization without partnering with Congress."
She wrote that over the last century, nine presidents have sought and obtained authority from Congress to reorganize the executive branch. She noted that others, including Trump in his first term, sought approval but were not granted it.
The lawsuit named Trump, Elon Musk and his Department of Government Efficiency, the heads of 21 federal agencies and those agencies themselves as defendants.
Illston's order stops those agencies from issuing new reorganization plans and new layoff notices, and also prevents agencies from formally separating those who have already received such notices and are currently on administrative leave.
She stopped short of requiring agencies to bring people already laid off or placed on administrative leave back to work while the litigation continues.
The Trump administration is expected to appeal her decision. The government had already appealed Illston's earlier, temporary order to the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals, arguing that Trump's executive order and the OMB and OPM memo serve only to "facilitate" reductions in force (RIFs), or mass layoffs, within agency workforces.
"Agencies have express statutory authority to conduct RIFs, and the President may tell agencies to use their own statutory authorities to accomplish policy goals," government attorneys wrote.
Judge Illston's preliminary injunction applies to the following agencies:
- Office of Management and Budget
- Office of Personnel Management
- Department of Agriculture
- Department of Commerce
- Department of Energy
- Department of Health and Human Services
- Department of Housing and Urban Development
- Department of the Interior
- Department of Labor
- Department of State
- Treasury Department
- Department of Transportation
- Department of Veterans Affairs
- AmeriCorps
- Environmental Protection Agency
- General Services Administration
- National Labor Relations Board
- National Science Foundation
- Peace Corps
- Small Business Administration
- Social Security Administration
- Department of Government Efficiency (not a formally established government agency)
